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Do routes remain Stable over time or change frequently? Do routes from A and B tend to be symmetric as routes from B to A? Framework 40000 end-to-end route measurements using repeated  traceroutes between 37 Internet sites in 1994 & 1995|!ZZZ ZjZ! ,j! +Routing in the Internet4Internet: Autonomous Systems (AS): collection of routers and hosts running a single Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Administrative Domain: Routers and hosts are under a single administrative authority and a set of IGPs. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) allows arbitrary interconnection topologies between AS. * Z*Z *Z Methodology*Apparatus: Network Probe Daemon (NPD) run on a number of sites. These NPDs were contacted at exponentially distributed intervals by a control program  npd_control , to measure route to another NPD site using traceroute. N2 scaling: if N sites then it can measure O(N2) internet paths between sites. Two sets of measurements: D1 (Dec 1994; measurement time interval 1-2 days) and D2 (Dec 1995; 60% mean inter-measurement interval of 2 hours, 40% mean interval of about 2.75 days, paired measurements AB and BA ) Why Exponential Sampling? Corresponds to additive random sampling which samples all instantaneous signal values with equal probability. Measurement times form a poisson process. Hence can apply Wolff s PASTA principle. How much representative of the real Internet? Experiment routes cover more than half the AS by weight (prominence in internet routing). Significant cross-section of internet behavior.  . R s ,      _    3  .>FLRouting PathologieslRouting Loops: Forwarding loop; Information loop traceroute loop (0.13% in D1, 0.16% D2) Erroneous Routing: Found 1 example CTIsraelUK! Connectivity altered mid-stream 0.16% D1 and 0.44% D2 Fluttering Rapidly oscillating routing Infrastructure Failures An inside router gives  host unreachable message Unreachable due to many hops 6 from D2 measurements went beyond the traceroute s limit of 30 Mean path length: D1(15.6) and D2(16.2)8ZJZZZ ZZ ZZZ2ZZhZ"(       2$$((h,,4 OutagesATemporary outages Sequence of consecutive traceroute packets are lost 1 to 5 losses = D1(44%), D2(55%) 6 or more = D1(0.96%), D2(2.2%) For more than 6 losses (30 sec outage= 5sec X 6losses) Time-of-day patterns Temporary outage at least 30sec = 8% at 3-4pm Infrastructure failure = 9.3% at 3-4pm and 7.6% at 6-7pmvZ4ZZZgZ4  g Routing StabilityRouting Prevalence Prevalence: A likelihood of currently observed router r being observed again in future Internet paths are strongly dominated by a single route, but there is also a significant site-to-site variation Z[ZZqZZ6p     Routing Persistence Persistence: Given that we observed a router r at time t, how long before that route is likely to have changed. More difficult to measure Classification Rapid route alternation: Observed measurements made <= 60 sec apart and <= 10min apart Medium scale route alternation: Observed measurements <= 1 hour Large-scale route alternation: <= 6 hrs Long Lived Routes: Remaining (> 6hours) What is the chance of observing a route for at least a week= 90%r)  A  .9)  A  Routing SymmetryAffects: One way propagation estimates (RTT/2) Asymmetry complicates network measurement, trouble shooting, accounting and router s flow calculation Asymmetry complicates network troubleshooting Analysis of routing symmetry 49% of D2 measurements observed an asymmetric path between sites. 30% of the paired measurements observed different autonomous systems in the virtual path s two directions. V       ConclusionsThe likelihood of encountering a major routing pathology more than doubled in a year from end of  94 to  95. 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